Russian

CONTENTS

Section II

8) War as a commodity

NATO – WAR PRODUCER AND PURCHASER
COMMODITY “BALKAN WAR”
WE SAY NATO – IMPLY UNO
ONE YEAR BEFORE “UN – YUGOSLAVIA” WAR
WAR IS SOLD OUT
BRAND NEW WORLD IN BALKANS
“FOX” IN MACEDONIA
FASCISM AND NATO: HISTORIC PARALLELS
NATO “FOR PEACE”
NATO NEW MEMBERS
NATO “POSTGRADUATES”
ORDINARY NATO PARTNERS
MATERIAL SECURITY OF NATO EXPANSION
PRACTICAL EXCERCISES OF NATO EXPANSION
SPECIAL NATO PARTNERS FROM CIS COUNTRIES
UKRAINE AND NATO
NATO AND RUSSIA
NATO NEW AGE
THE THIRD WORLD WAR. COLD AND WARM
NEW REGIONAL LEADERS
NECCESSITY OR INEVITABILITY OF WAR?
FASCISM – THE LAST RESORT
CASUS BELLI
NUTOPIA

NATO «FOR PEACE»

European politicians have a superstitious fear about growing collective power of NATO as if it is materialised mighty of American and European developed capitalism. They didn’t find anything better than join to aggressive practice of Alliance “work” that in many documents is cinically identified with fithing for peace. Here are two examples. One is Partnership for Peace program (PfP). Draw your attention, not for war but for peace. Participants of the program are: Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadjikistan, Macedonia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan – 27 member countries in total.
As it is said in official papers PfP is a basis for practical cooperation and security between NATO and each country member of program by the scheme “19 + 1”. This “19” are members of the Alliance including newly entered Poland, Hungary and Czech Republic. Actions include military and budget planning, military exercises and operations on civil defence and emergency cases. 27 program member countries are members of Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, EAPC at the same time. Parthership “for Peace” means ‘peace’ as it is understood by NATO and by the top of world capital whose money credits NATO peacekeeping.
EAPC is a multilateral forum at which NATO members and partners meet each other on regularly to discuss political issues and problems related to security and for development of cooperation in wide range of fields. At the moment Council constists of 46 members: 19 NATO member-countrie and 27 partner-countries.
Another example is so called Mediterranian Dialogue (MD) established in December 1994 during meeting of ministers of 7 nations in Bruxelles which are not included at the present time in NATO activities in Mediterranian Sea: Algeria, Israel, Jordan, Mauritius, Maroco and Tunisia. The move from ‘dialogue’ to partnership of seven Meditarrenean countries already started. Joint activity of NATO and seven countries of Medeterranean region concern the problems of ecology, protection from civil emergency cases, scientific researches including ‘boundary fields of military issues’, and issues of ‘crisis regulation’. They are also envisaged some seminars and discussions with NATO leadership on military policy and strategy, on ‘hand guns and small arms’. Countries of “Dialogue” participate in NATO military program that forrestalls direct military exercises (seminars, conferences, work groups). The leading link of “Dialogue” is USA-oriented Israel.
For instance, on 29-30 April 2002 the conference titled “NATO and Mediterranean security” was held in London in Royal institute of unified services well presented by known participants. Lord Robertson stressed in his speech how deep security in Mediterranean region is related with security in Europe and NATO needs for extension its relations with nations in the region. NATO General Secretary this way said that NATO is expanding to the East and to the oil rich South exploring new territory of dollar domination. The sixth round of political consultations with Meditarranean nations took place from 10 June to 18 July 2002. Each of seven countries participating in “Dialogue with NATO” holds meetings with the most principal body of NATO, NAC. So far these bilateral meetings were held at experts’ level. However after 11 September they made a decision to deepen relations with countries of Mediterranean dialogue. The last series of meetings allows for all allies of NATO and Meditarranean partners to present their views on security in this region as well as to discuss practical cooperation and topics of common interest. Herewith the “common interest” is formed in NATO HQ, more specifically in Washington.
It is obvious that after NATO armada war in Yugoslavia in 1999 any “partnership” and “dialogue” originating from block started to grow all over the space of Euroasia and mediterranian with frightening quickness. Let’s stay on details of some facts and events which take place with relation to NATO in one month as much as they were during one year. And the case is not only with new strategy of the NATO allies accepted during jubilation meeting at highest level in April 1999. The case is in global crisis of world capitalism that goes beyond the limits of understanding, although the outcome of this crisis is seen the same as it was in 1914 or in 1939 through the world war. So, meet the capitalist partnership including that “for peace”.

NATO NEW MEMBERS

Former NATO partners become its members. On the 16th of March, 1999 accelerated affiliation into NATO members for three developing European countries (Poland, Hungary and Czech Republic) was arranged. Certainly, there is no doubt that new members supported Alliance troops invasion to Yugoslavia which has been taken place a week after. The rest countries are to go this way from partners to “NATO aspirants” and to Alliance members. In November 2002 some of the most active “partners” await for them to be invited to the higher circle of Alliance.

NATO «ASPIRANTS»

NATO “aspirants” may be considered as those who have a strong wish to join NATO especially after successful completion of “allied forces operation” in Yugoslavia in 1999. At that time the intensity and the number of visits to NATO HQ, number of verbal and written agreements on partnership, on individual partnership, on specific relations of different countries with NATO had increased sharply. Governments and leaders of smaller nations bent to power which was performed by NATO forces in Balkans and decided to join this power. Aspirants have been tried to do their best to prove their usefulness to Alliance.
18 January 1999, In the context of the cooperation programme between NATO and Slovakia, a seminar was organised in Bratislava on "Security and Stability in Central Europe - Regional Aspects".150 participants from 32 countries which are members of the Alliance's Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. Two months left to start the war.
After start up the war with Sebia visit of aspirant countries take place more and more often:
25 May, visit to NATO by the Prime Minister of Albania, Pandeli Majko,
1 June, prime Minister of Slovenia, Janez Drnovsek,
13 July, president of Slovakia, Mr. Rudolph Schuster, also visited NATO HQ. He met with NATO Secretary General, Dr Javier Solana, to discuss Kosovo and other matters.
15 October в штабе In the course of the NATO-Japan Conference, he met with the Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan, Mr Ryozo Kato.
19 October, Hungarian Prime Minister, Mr Viktor Orban, also came to Brussels. He announced a substantial rise in his country's defence spending next year so that Hungary may modernise its force structure and equipment, and work toward a smaller professional army, The Minister of Defence of Argentina, Mr Jorge Dominguez, and Ukrainian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr Boris Tarasyuk, although last two visitors were not in the list of ‘aspirants’.
26 October, Mrs Vaira Vike-Freiberga, the President of Latvia, came to NATO HQ. Like brides before marriage they dream to fetch NATO masters.
22 March 2000, Estonian Prime Minister, Mr Mart Laar, came to NATO HQ to meet with Lord Robertson. They discussed Estonia's involvement in NATO's Membership Action Plan (MAP). This group includes nine member countries taking part in MAP and within the framework of this group these countries were givern instructions and recommendations for possible joining. The rest eight ones taking part in MAP are Albania, Bulgaria, former Macedonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. Since the beginning of 2000 NATO General Secretary Lord Robertson regularily walks around countries-candidates and also other partners of NATO and specific attention is given to CIS countries or to former republics of the USSR.
10-11 May 2000, during a visit to Slovenia and Slovakia Secretary General Lord Robertson stated that the next round of invitations for membership would take place at the Alliance's major summit planned in 2002. List of NATO ‘aspirants’ include 9 countries.
18 May, during Lord’s visit to Lithuania, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs from the nine countries aspiring for NATO membership - Albania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and the Macedonia – made a joint pledge to prepare and apply for membership together. Lord Robertson stated that decisions on the next wave of enlargement would not be made before the next NATO Summit in 2002.
3-5 July 2000, a three-day workshop was organised by the NATO Office of Information and Press for three of the nine aspirant countries belonging to the Membership Action Plan (MAP): Bulgaria, Romania and Slovakia. Simposium was held in accordance to obligations to provide aspiring nations with concrete consultations and assistance.
12-13 October 2000, Robertson went on a two-day visit to Sofia; he participated in the Working Meeting of Defence Ministers from the countries participating in NATO's Membership Action Plan (Albania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Macedonia). Participants presented the progress made in their preparations for membership and their views on MAP. For his part, Lord Robertson gave clear messages (don’t dream about): no new decisions on membership should be expected before the NATO Summit in 2002. Lord Robertson continued by stressing the fundamental importance of defence reform. He explained that modern forces and defence capabilities are as beneficial to countries themselves as to the Alliance as a whole since there is a general need for smaller and more mobile forces, which can operate in a multinational environment.
24 November 2000, the Prime Minister of Slovakia, Mr Mikulas Dzurinda, and Foreign Minister, Eduard Kukan, came to NATO HQ to inform Lord Robertson of the latest developments in Slovakia's preparations for membership. Country had set itself three main goals: to become a member of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), of NATO and of the European Union. Recently Slovakia became the 30th member of OECD.
28 November 2000 president of Latvia visited NATO HQ,
24 January 2001 – prime-minister of Romania,
31 January 2001 – prime-minister of Lithania,
14 March 2001 –information workshop for Slovenia and Latvian government information specialists held in Brussels.
6 April 2001, Bulgaria's parliament voted by an overwhelming majority to ratify an agreement with NATO, authorising the transit of NATO forces across Bulgarian territory. The same day a conference took place in Presov, Slovakia on the theme “Slovakia and NATO: Security through Co-operation”.
9 July 2001, President of Romania visited NATO HQ.
4-5 October 2001, a Summit on the Contribution of New Democracies to Euro-Atlantic Security was held in the Bulgarian capital Sofia. Representatives from the "Vilnius Group" discussed new threats to global security following the terrorist attacks against the United States. The Vilnius Group includes Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Macedonia.
22 October 2001, the former King Simeon II of Bulgaria, H.E. Simeon Saxe-Coburg Gotha, came on his first visit to NATO HQ since he has been elected Prime Minister of Bulgaria. Isn’t it a parallel with Bulgarian tzar Boris?
14 December 2001, Latvian prime-minister visited NATO.
21 February 2002, Lord Robertson continues his visits in applicant-countries started in the end of November (Estonia and Romania) and he also visits Latvia, Lithuania and Bulgaria.
23-24 July 2002, opening and ‘closing’ of the monument to fascists, defenders of freedom during the war (1939-1945) in Parnu city, Estonia. And the wheathercock turns very provocatively to nazist heritage.

ORDINARY NATO PARTNERS

Soon after the known war on 1 December 1999 Ireland became the 25th NATO partner-country signing a framework document. Ireland already contributes to NATO peacekeeping in Bosnia and Kosovo and participates in Special Task Force on cooperation and peacemaking with partners.
17 July 2000, Croatian President Stipe Mesic visits NATO HQ during a two-day visit to Brussels. Croatia joined NATO's Partnership for Peace programme this May, becoming the Alliance's 26th partner. The list of NATO partners is still open. Who else wants to be enlisted?

MATERIAL ASSURANCE OF NATO EXPANSION

17 February 1999, the Partnership for Peace (PfP) Training Centre in Ankara became the first facility that has been officially designated as such by NATO. The Centre aims to enhance military cooperation and interoperability. In accordance with the Concept for PfP Training Centres adopted in November 1998 by the North Atlantic Council -NATO's highest decision-making body. The Concept allows national high quality training facilities to apply for recognition by the North Atlantic Council as a PfP Training Centre. The recognised PfP Training Centres offer courses and other training opportunities to the 44 member countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.
30 September 1999, the new NATO Joint Headquarters Southwest (JHQ Southwest) in Madrid were officially opened. The activation of the headquarters marks Spain's decision to join NATO's integrated military structure. JHQ Southwest will be directly subordinated to the regional headquarters Allied Forces Southern Europe. The move forms part of the reorganisation of NATO's Command Structure that will reduce the number of headquarters from 65 to 20 by 2003. It is understandable that this centralisation and enlargement of headquarters may mean preparation to some massive military activities in the “East”.
The 20 new headquarters are all operational. Two others have already been officially opened: the Joint Headquarters SOUTHEAST (Izmir, Turkey) and the Joint Headquarters SOUTHCENT (Larissa, Greece).
6 September 2000, during the summer, NATO agreed to recognise the Slovenian Language training Centre as a PfP Training Centre. This centre offers courses open to all partner countries wishing to learn English -a French module will be made available at a later stage. This is the seventh national training centre to have been designated as a PfP Training Centre. Active phase of ‘operations’ requires the single language for commands.
Skies: 2 February 2000, preliminary work has begun in planning the "Third Airline Day", scheduled for early November. It will bring together civil planners from NATO and Partner countries, the NATO military authorities and representatives from the airline industry. The theme of the event will focus on future trends in air transport and it will provide an opportunity for development of better and wider ranging working relationships in a fast changing market. NATO wants to get a full control over air transportation in Europe “in emergency situations”. Supervision over skies is domination over territory.
Radio Frequencies: 24 March 2000, the "NATO Military Position for the World Radio Communication Conference 2000 (WRC-2000)" was approved by NATO's Military Committee. It concludes two years of preparation in close cooperation with National Frequency Management authorities for WRC-2000 to be held from 8 May to 2 June.
Through the collectively developed NATO Military Position, military requirements for access to the radio frequency spectrum are provided to WRC Delegations of NATO countries. This helps them safeguard military access to the radio frequency spectrum during the often intense international bargaining that accompanies the decision making process
Global Intelligence. In October 2000 for the first time it was found a confirmation of existence of global electronic espionage secret network Echelon that was created by Special Forces of USA, UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. It is supposed that this system initially developed for espionage against socialist camp nations, however after the Soviet Union breakdown system is used to apply against the citizens of the countries involved in its creation. It was stated that Echelon implements special set of keywords and phrases (“plutonium”, “Corea”, “revolution”, etc.) for automatic intercepts of telephone calls, fax messages and electronic mail.
So far USA did not acknowledge officially the existence of such system. However by the end of October some documents appeared proving that Echelon is a real thing. Documents found are not so ‘fresh’: first dated as of the year 1991, the second is of the year 1994. In one document it said about secret military object named Sugar Grove in West Virginia. Other document tells about possible utilisation of military bases in Puerto-Rico and Japan as elements of Echelon system in Europe. ‘Well-handled’ documents appeared perhaps to hide real scale of total surveillance all over the world and to calm people.
3 November 2000, Australia confirmed the existence of global system of electronic supervision Echelone. France blames makers of this system in economic espionage in favour of USA. Although after 11 September 2001 there is a lot of “job” to do.
Headquarters. 28 June 2001, Spain handed over a new building to NATO to host one of the Alliance's Combined Air Operations Centres (CAOC). These centres supervise air defence and carry out air policing functions.
5 September 2001, during a ceremony organised the Ambassador of Switzerland to NATO, Anton Thalmann, officially handed over an electronic system designed to manage NATO's Partnership for Peace programme (PfP).
Military science. 5-7 September 2001, a high-level symposium entitled “Building a vision: NATO's future transformation” was being held in the Norwegian capital, Oslo. The symposium raised some of the issues the Alliance faces in today's rapidly changing international environment and it also was an opportunity to discuss the ideas and visions currently being put forward to address these issues. At the introductory seminar on 5 September symposium participants discussed the issue of international experiments in such fields as anti-missile defense, operational compatibility, commandership and management, information exchange. Then on 6-7 September, the work was devoted to technological, industrial and scientific aspects of adaption to new conditions.
Participants include NATO Ambassadors, Chiefs of Defence from NATO member countries, Ambassadors to Norway from NATO and Partner countries, representatives from the European Union, from international and scientific organisations and from research institutes, national armament directors, business and industry leaders and members of academia. The symposium is hosted by the Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic, the Defence Command, Norway, and the United States Joint Forces.
1 April 2002, as part of NATO's continuing efforts to improve the ability of Alliance military forces to work together, the NATO Standardisation Agency (NSA) has developed a web based questionnaire that is designed to assist in determining the possible need and nature of a training programme for those involved in NATO standardisation. That is NATO continues its efforts in improving Alliance forces capability in working together.

PRACTICAL EXCERCISES IN NATO EXTENSION

NATO work with its members and partners is not limited with information undertakings. Besides conferences, seminars, work groups, meetings on topics that are closed to military weapon industry there is another direction which is more important, more practical. That is what they called military and civil-military exercises with the use of troops and weaponry. Here we have incomplete list of such exercises participated by NATO partners and watchers. It is worth to pay attention on geography and the topics of exercises.
13 October 1999, a computer exercise Cooperative Support 99 was conducted by officers from NATO and Partner countries in the Black Sea port of Odessa, Ukraine. The scenario revolved around the logistics of peacekeeping, search and rescue, and humanitarian operations. The aim was to participate in the general effort to promote closer military cooperation between the armed forces of NATO and Partner countries.
8 November 1999, a series of serious flash floods took place in Europe and the United States. At a NATO Advanced Study Institute held in Italy from 8 to 17 November, hydrologists, meteorologists, engineers, geographers, social scientists, emergency managers and other experts from NATO and Partner countries came together to address the challenging issues involved in reducing flash flood vulnerability.
26 November – 5 December 1999, Seven NATO and 11 Partner countries are currently participating in a Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercise Cooperative Determination-99 in Bucharest, Romania. From 26 November to 5 December, this command post exercise will train commanders and staff to conduct operations at multinational brigade level. By forming the headquarters of a multinational brigade during 10 days participants will also develop a common understanding of peace support operations including humanitarian assistance. Italy, Greece and Turkey are hosting this multi-phase, multi-force exercise involving approximately 15,000 troops, 65 ships and 290 aircraft, as well as most NATO Headquarters in the Southern Region, under the direction and co-ordination of the Commander-in-Chief, Allied Forces Southern Europe (CINCSOUTH).
From 20 May to 10 June a major training exercise involving forces from 14 NATO countries is taking place in the Mediterranean region. Dynamic Mix 2000 is designed to improve the Southern Region's capability to implement NATO's strategy and to deal simultaneously with crisis and humanitarian operations. Exercises are therefore taking place concurrently in more than one location, with many countries participating in different aspects of the same exercise
7-12 June 2000, Cooperative Safeguard-2000 exercises. Around 400 maritime rescue specialists from 16 NATO and Partner countries are set to take part in a Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercise in Iceland from 7 to 12 June focused on maritime humanitarian operations. Organised by the Icelandic national civil defence exercise includes maritime rescue and the handling of casualties on a large scale ashore.
From 29 May to 10 June 2000 a military exercise Cooperative Banners-2000 involving 16 NATO and Partner countries is currently taking place in Denmark and southern Norway. The purpose of Cooperative Banners 2000 is to train naval, land and air forces in planning and conducting out-of-area peace support operations.
19 June – 1 July 2000, ten NATO and six Partner countries (Russia also attended as an observer) are participating in a military exercise Cooperative Partner 2000 hosted in Ukraine, with forces from NATO's Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) and NATO's Standing Mine Counter-Measures Force Mediterranean (MCMFORMED). Exercise is taking place in the Black Sea and in the area of Odessa. It aims to contribute in training multinational forces to work together for peace support operations.
21 June – 1 July 2000. A Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercise called Cooperative Dragon 2000 is taking place in Tirana from 21 June to 1 July. Participants from five NATO and nine PfP countries are training in peace support operations and humanitarian aid by setting up a Multinational Brigade Headquarters, a large field company and a mobile medical facility. The International Red Cross and the United Nations High Commisioner for Refugees are also taking part in this exercise.
17 July 2000, a force projection exercise called Operation Rapid Resolve II, involving units from the US Army Southern European Task Force and parachutists from an Italian Army airborne unit, started on 17 July in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Such exercises are organised by NATO on a periodic basis to practice reinforcing SFOR troops rapidly. These exercises are not prompted by events, but are organised to ensure that NATO is ready for all possible situations that could lead to conflict (or ‘create’ conflict).
4-15 September 2000. In the south-east of Romania, near the Black Sea port of Constanza, forces from six NATO countries and eight Partner countries have conducted a peace support exercise (4-15 September). The aim of exercise Cooperative Key 2000 was to train participating forces in peace support operations involving aircraft and medical personnel and to improve the capacity of multinational forces to work together.
11-22 September 2000. Best Cooperative Achievement-2000. Exercises held in Kluj-Napoke in the North-West of Romania. 400 soldiers from 8 member and partner countries participate as well as 800 coldiers from Romania. The aim was training in peacemaking, small experiences in gathering and work of block-posts, mine and bomb threats, work with madia and first aid.
9 September – 4 October 2000. Defending NATO territory was at the heart of Exercise Adventure Exchange 2000, which took place in Northern Greece. It involved the deployment of command posts and supporting elements from 15 NATO member countries. They shared logistic support and procedures to train for the common defence of NATO territory, to cope with any situation – from humanitarian mission to military activity.
9-25 October 2000. Destined Glory is bigger exercise in Greece, Turkey and in Aegian Sea and in Eastern part of Mediterranean basin in which navy, air force and airborne forces were involved. Maneouvres were aimed at improving capacity of Southern NATO region to hold joint combined forces operations and maintain preparedness to react to “crisis” organized by world monopolies. Soldiers from 8 NATO countries took part in exercises: UK, Germany, Greece, Spain, Italy, USA, Turkey and France.
1-10 November 2000, nine NATO member countries and eleven partner countries are participating in a computer assisted exercise code-named Exercise Cooperative Determination 2000. Its aim is to train participants in staff procedures required to conduct peace support operations, including humanitarian assistance, and develop military interoperability. The International Committee of the Red Cross and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees are also participating in this Partnership for Peace exercise (PfP), which is being held in Luzern. This is the first time that Switzerland is hosting a PfP exercise
15 February 2001, for the first time ever, Partner countries participated in one of NATO's annual crisis management exercises. These exercises are organised to practice political and military crisis management procedures; the scenarios are planned by experts and national representatives; for instance, emergance of tension and crisis between two neighbouring sides and NATO action on behalf of UNO in this situation. It means that all offices of world monopolies follow the same rules.
15-28 February – Dogfish exercises. 12 NATO countries, World's largest yearly anti-submarine warfare exercise in Ionian Sea to the east of Sicily,
1-9 March 2001, exercises Cooperation Ospray-2001: 6 NATO countries, 13 Partner countries, 3 Mediterranean Dialogue countries participate. Conducting a UN mandated NATO-led Command Post Exercise designed to improve the interoperability of participating countries, and to train military personnel from partner nations in NATO “peace support” operations. It takes place in Canadian International Peacekeeping Training Centre of ‘peacemaking’ in Clementsport, Nova Scotia.
27 April – 10 May 2001, Adventure Express exercises. Strategic Reserve Units from six NATO and Partner countries and from Argentina are to train in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. Approximately 1,500 troops will arrive from air, sea and land routes to participate in NATO-led operations in the Balkans. Preliminary training will take place in Albania with Albanian troops before the reserve forces move on to SFOR and KFOR theatres.
28 April, Exercise Ardent Ground holds in Poland. Western Poland is hosting a live firing and air operations exercise from 28 April to 24 May. Exercise Ardent Ground 2001 is organised on an annual basis to train NATO's Allied Command Europe Mobile Force (Land). This year, the artillery and mortar units are joined by the Joint Air Attack Team (JAAT). Approximately 3000 military personnel from Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States are participating
14-16 May 2001, a Partnership for Peace exercise called Exercise Cooperative Baltic Eye is taking place in the Baltic Sea. Participants from six NATO countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States) and six partner countries (Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia and Sweden) are training to develop procedures for Command, Control and Coordination of search and rescue resource. This type of exercises is being held twice a year with financial assistance of NATO.
11-22 June 2001, for the first time the Republic of Georgia is hosting a NATO Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercise. Cooperative Partner 2001 is taking place in the Black Sea and involves maritime and land training. It aims to develop naval and amphibious interoperability between NATO and Partner participants in peace support operations and provision of humanitarian assistance.
11-15 June 2001, the first phase of a submarine safety exercise named Cooperative Poseidon is being held in the coastal town of Varna, Bulgaria, 11-15 June. This first phase consists in a seminar on common safety doctrines and procedures in the case of submarine accidents. The second phase will involve a computer-assisted real-time tactical simulation which will be held in Bremerhaven.
10-21 September 2001, the latest in an annual series of military exercises being held within the framework of the Partnership for Peace programme, Exercise Cooperative Best Effort, is taking place in Austria. This exercise is training participants from 7 NATO and 13 Partner countries in various peace support operation skills.
11-21 September 2001, Cooperative Key-2001, a military exercise in peace support operations is taking place in Bulgaria, 11-21 September, as scheduled. The scenario is based on a NATO response to a UN request to deploy a multinational task force in support of humanitarian operations (perhaps, including humanitarian air strikes and missiles gunning).
17-23 October 2001. A military exercise involving logistic officers from NATO and Partner forces is taking place from 17 to 23 October, in Borovets, Bulgaria. The aim of Exercise Cooperative Support 2001 is to train forces in operating together from a logistical perspective. This is the seventh in a series of annual exercises organised around logistics. Participants will follow briefings on NATO doctrine with regard to logistical aspects of Peace Support Operations, including maritime, land, air, amphibious and medical components. Representatives from countries participating in NATO's Mediterranean Dialogue have also been invited as observers.
5-20 November 2001. Poland hosts a NATO exercise Allied Effort 2001. Organised by Allied Forces North, the exercise involves approximately 2500 personnel from 14 NATO countries and 13 Partner countries and is aimed at training the headquarters and component commands of a Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) in the planning and conduct of a peace-support operation. How can we doubt that NATO is the only guarantee for peace in the world?
5-16 November 2001. Personnel from nine NATO and eleven Partner countries are training in a crisis response operation exercise called Cooperative Determination 2001. This exercise which is part of a long-standing programme of exercises, is taking place in Baku, Azerbaijan.
15-17 January 2002. "Making C3 Policies a Reality" was the theme of the fourth NATO Symposium with Partners, organised under the auspices of the NATO Consultation, Command and Control Board (the C3 Board) at NATO Headquarters, Brussels.
31 January 2002, NATO is starting its annual crisis management exercise at its political headquarters in Brussels. The aim of the exercise is to practice existing procedures and test new crisis response systems that are currently being developed. The hypothetical scenario combines both an Article 5 (collective defence)[The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all, and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective selfdefence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually, and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area] and a humanitarian crisis situation. Partners do not participate in these simulation exercises.
The reference to article 5 of Washington Treary (1949) sounds like a menace against the background of recently occurred attack on New York and Washington (11/09/2001) for those who are not members of NATO or partners on ‘peacekeeping’, partners on dollar exploitation of the rest of the world by Euro-American corporations.
18 February to 7 March. Germany is hosting a NATO exercise, ARRCADE GUARD 2002 organised by the Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC), the exercise involves approximately 2500 personnel from 17 NATO countries and aims to evaluate the ARRC as a High Readiness Force (Land) headquarters under NATO military restructuring
15-26 April 2002. A Partnership for Peace exercise, Cooperative Lantern 2002 (Cola 02), is taking place in the Netherlands. It is practising crisis response operation procedures in a multinational environment, with the participation of civil as well as military organisations. Its main objectives are therefore to enhance military interoperability by making units from different countries work together and practise interacting with civil agencies such as the United Nations and non-governmental organisations.
20-26 April 2002. Phase 1 of a NATO Partnership for Peace military exercise, Cooperative Nugget 2002, has started in Sweden. It consists of a workshop on NATO's operational planning process and involves military personnel from five NATO countries and 13 partner countries. This part of the exercise is being hosted by the Swedish Armed Forces International Centre/Partnership for Peace Training Centre in Almnas. Phase 2 takes place at Fort Drum Army Base in Watertown, New York from 19-27 June and involves two other sites: one for the Combined Joint Forces Land Component Commander Response Cell in Lisbon, Portugal, and the other for a Battalion Response Cell in Enkoping, Sweden.
21-24 May 2002. Exercise Taming the Dragon - Dalmatia 2002, one of the largest NATO civilian-military exercises, is taking place in southern Croatia. It is an international fire-fighting exercise which is being conducted in South East Europe, a region which suffers regularly from wild fires. Croatia is hosting this exercise as part of its joint activities with NATO within the Partnership for Peace programme. 2000 people from 30 countries including those from Balkan countries participate in exercises.
A live, computer-assisted exercise called Dynamic Mix started on 21 May and will last until 6 June 2002. The aim of this biannual exercise is to maintain troop readiness in NATO's southern region to respond immediately to any crisis. Exercise Dynamic Mix 2002 is therefore training personnel in command and control procedures and communications interfaces during crisis response, collective defence and humanitarian assistance operations. This real computer-assisted exercise takes place in Spain (including Canary Islands), Western Meditarranean, South-East Atlantic and Turkey with participation of about 15 thousand soldiers from 14 NATO member countries. Exercise is being held under commandership of Regional Headquarter of Joint NATO forces in South Europe based in Napoli.
17-28 June 2002. A NATO peace support exercise is currently taking place in T'bilisi, Georgia. Personnel from six NATO and ten Partner countries are training to improve interoperability and effectiveness in the field, while learning light infantry skills from each other and exchanging basic knowledge on the conduct of such operations. More likely to see “Kosovo scenario” with respect to Russia from Georgia side on behalf of NATO and “partners”. The part of ethnic extremists would be played by chechenians that are ready to fight for “liberation of their homeland”.
21 June 2002. An annual maritime and amphibious exercise Cooperative Partner 2002 is taking place near Constanta, Romania, and in the Black Sea. It aims to train NATO member and partner countries to work together in humanitarian and peace support operations and to test progress made in interoperability. According the scenario of exercise NATO and partners’ forces should render support and humanitarian support to civil population after earthquake together with bringing law and order in hazy situation. More than 5000 soldiers from 8 NATO countries (UK, Germany, Greece, Spain, Italy, USA and France) and 5 parnter (Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania and Ukraine) countries took place in exercise. NATO Permanent Navi forces in Mediterranean are also taking part in exercise. Anti-mine group “South” as well as South Region NATO HQ participate too; CIS countries got more and more active in this undertakings.
Let’s remind that ‘humanitarian’ and ‘peacekeeping’ operations after the third Balkan war and ‘Desert Storm’ have completely different meaning than initially set in these titles. Bombing, missile shooting, parachuting and troop’s deployment, armored machinery placement and then military bases appearance this is today’s meaning of peacekeeping in terms of NATO.
24 June – 1 July 2002. Rescue specialists from five NATO and nine partner countries are participating in a humanitarian exercise, Cooperative Safeguard 2002 in Iceland. The aim of this biennial exercise is to foster greater interoperability between NATO member and partner forces in responding to humanitarian disasters in the North Atlantic. Approximately 250 participants from Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Canada and USA (NATO members) and from Austria, Ireland, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Sweden and Estonia (NATO partners) trained theirselves in methods of joint rendering of humanitarian aid, strategy of communication and rescue-saving procedures reacting to conventional volcano eruption. Iceland government and Iceland department of civil defence also participate.
This plenty number of training and exercise within the framework of NATO structures is quite enough for successful realization of acquired skills, since opposition of capital grouping is sharpening every month.

Part 6